Table 7 Up-amplified genes

SATB1

promotes the cell growth

and reduces apoptosis

BNIP3

is involved in mTOR signaling

(resulting in increased

protein translation)

EDNRB

(a transactivator of EGFR)

induces tumor growth

AQP3

facilitate colorectal carcinoma

cell migration [44]

LGR5

Its expression is significantly

higher in carcinoma than in

normal mucosa [45]

SCRN1

associate to a poor prognosis [46]

Stage2 vs stage3

Gene

Function

AREG and GRB14

promote proliferation and

interact with EGFR

BAMBI

It is involved in TGF-beta

receptor signaling pathway

(growth induction),

FZD7

participates to the WNT

signaling pathway

IRS1 and IRS2

They are activated by insulin

PTPRR

It is activated from the MAPK

signaling pathway

Stage3 vs stage4

Gene

Function

EREG

which promotes proliferation

and interacts with EGFR

IGF2

It is involved in TGF-beta

receptor signaling pathway

(growth induction),

TFF1 and TTF3

the growth factors

BMP7 and SMAD9

involved in BMP receptor

signaling genes involved in BMP

receptor signaling

GDF15 and ID1

growth factors involved in the

TGF-beta signaling pathway