Figure 4

The high and low concentration levels of arginine (Arg) and ornithine (Orn), respectively, in patients afflicted with severe metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (MS+) versus healthy controls, implied an impacted enzyme arginase in the urea cycle (left figure). The urea cycle and associated pathways from the KEGG database are depicted in the right figure. Findings could be confirmed by literature [66, 67].